Journal Description
Energies
Energies
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of related scientific research, technology development, engineering policy, and management studies related to the general field of energy, from technologies of energy supply, conversion, dispatch, and final use to the physical and chemical processes behind such technologies. Energies is published semimonthly online by MDPI. The European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA), Association of European Renewable Energy Research Centres (EUREC), Institute of Energy and Fuel Processing Technology (ITPE), International Society for Porous Media (InterPore), CYTED and others are affiliated with Energies and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, RePEc, Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.3 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Sections: published in 41 topical sections.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Energies.
- Companion journals for Energies include: Fuels, Gases, Nanoenergy Advances and Solar.
Impact Factor:
3.2 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.3 (2022)
Latest Articles
Integrating an Ensemble Reward System into an Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for the Economic Dispatch of Small Modular Reactor-Based Energy Systems
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2056; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092056 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Nuclear Integrated Energy Systems (NIES) have emerged as a comprehensive solution for navigating the changing energy landscape. They combine nuclear power plants with renewable energy sources, storage systems, and smart grid technologies to optimize energy production, distribution, and consumption across sectors, improving efficiency,
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Nuclear Integrated Energy Systems (NIES) have emerged as a comprehensive solution for navigating the changing energy landscape. They combine nuclear power plants with renewable energy sources, storage systems, and smart grid technologies to optimize energy production, distribution, and consumption across sectors, improving efficiency, reliability, and sustainability while addressing challenges associated with variability. The integration of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in NIES offers significant benefits over traditional nuclear facilities, although transferring involves overcoming legal and operational barriers, particularly in economic dispatch. This study proposes a novel off-policy Reinforcement Learning (RL) approach with an ensemble reward system to optimize economic dispatch for nuclear-powered generation companies equipped with an SMR, demonstrating superior accuracy and efficiency when compared to conventional methods and emphasizing RL’s potential to improve NIES profitability and sustainability. Finally, the research attempts to demonstrate the viability of implementing the proposed integrated RL approach in spot energy markets to maximize profits for nuclear-driven generation companies, establishing NIES’ profitability over competitors that rely on fossil fuel-based generation units to meet baseload requirements.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications in Smart Energy Systems)
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A Comprehensive Resource Assessment for Wind Power Generation on the Rural Island of Sibuyan, Philippines
by
Jerome G. Gacu, Junrey D. Garcia, Eddie G. Fetalvero, Merian P. Catajay-Mani, Cris Edward F. Monjardin and Christopher Power
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2055; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092055 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Amid rising energy demands in rural areas, thorough resource assessments for initiatives such as wind power are crucial. This study involves a land resource assessment for wind power generation on the rustic Sibuyan Island in the Philippines, which is currently experiencing an electricity
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Amid rising energy demands in rural areas, thorough resource assessments for initiatives such as wind power are crucial. This study involves a land resource assessment for wind power generation on the rustic Sibuyan Island in the Philippines, which is currently experiencing an electricity shortage. A comprehensive overview of the island’s suitability for wind energy projects is performed via evaluation and analysis using geospatial data and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). The research results indicate that 50.44% (220.68 km2) of the island’s land area is categorized as ‘poorly suitable’ since it considers protected areas where developments are not allowed. Only 0.08% (0.35 km2) of the island can be classified as ‘marginally suitable’, while 9.15% (40.73 km2), 36.64% (176.39 km2), and 0.69% (3.05 km2) are labeled as ‘moderately suitable’, ‘suitable’, and ‘highly suitable’, respectively. This confirms the potential for wind energy exploration on the island. Delineating the suitability levels provides a foundational framework for stakeholders that enables them to identify optimal sites for wind power, sustain the island’s resources, and contribute to the renewable energy landscape of this rural location. Overall, this study, underpinned by data analysis, offers invaluable insights for decision making in wind power development, with the presented framework adaptable to other areas of interest.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbines, Wind Farms, and Wind Energy: 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Multilevel Aircraft-Inverter Design Based on Wavelet PWM for More Electric Aircraft
by
Nurbanu Catalbas, Ahmet Gungor Pakfiliz and Gokhan Soysal
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2054; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092054 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper proposes a comprehensive power system designed for the use of a more electric aircraft power distribution system. Instead of traditional Nicad battery solutions as the energy source of the aircraft power system, lithium battery structures, which are a recent and promising
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This paper proposes a comprehensive power system designed for the use of a more electric aircraft power distribution system. Instead of traditional Nicad battery solutions as the energy source of the aircraft power system, lithium battery structures, which are a recent and promising solution in the field of aviation power systems, are modeled and analyzed. In this study, a WPWM-based, single-phase, multi-level pure sine wave static aircraft-inverter system is designed and integrated to improve the performance of conventional aircraft power systems. In the designed power system, a boost converter structure is proposed that boosts 28 VDC-to-270 VDC voltage coming from the lithium–ion battery pack and can reach a steady state in 0.032 s. The performance of the modeled WPWM-based aircraft-inverter system, compared to SPWM Bipolar and Unipolar switching techniques commonly used in single-phase inverter designs, reveals a THD reduction of approximately 27% with WPWM, resulting in a THD value below 2% for both load current and load voltage. As a result of the study, a power system that will enable the aircraft avionics, ventilation, and navigation systems to perform better than conventional power systems and comply with aircraft electric-power characteristic standards has been designed and detailed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Converters for On-Board Electric Power Systems)
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Efficient Modeling of Distributed Energy Resources’ Impact on Electric Grid Technical Losses: A Dynamic Regression Approach
by
Alain Aoun, Mehdi Adda, Adrian Ilinca, Mazen Ghandour, Hussein Ibrahim and Saba Salloum
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2053; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092053 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Technical losses in electrical grids are inherent inefficiencies induced by the transmission and distribution of electricity, resulting in energy losses that can reach up to 40% of the generated energy. These losses pose significant challenges to grid operators regarding energy sustainability, reliability, and
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Technical losses in electrical grids are inherent inefficiencies induced by the transmission and distribution of electricity, resulting in energy losses that can reach up to 40% of the generated energy. These losses pose significant challenges to grid operators regarding energy sustainability, reliability, and economic viability. Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) offer promising solutions to lower technical losses by decentralizing energy generation and consumption, reducing the need for long-distance transmission and optimizing grid operation. Hence, estimating the impact of DERs on grid technical losses becomes paramount for grid operators and planners. In response, this article proposes the application of regression modeling and nonlinear curve fitting algorithms to provide a more nuanced understanding and better characterize the intricate interplay between DER deployment and technical losses. Through a comprehensive case study based on more than 1080 computer simulations, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed dynamic polynomial varying coefficient regression model in estimating the impact of DERs on technical losses within electrical grids. The proposed model offers a simple and effective methodology that allows grid operators to gain insights into the nonlinear dynamics of DER integration and make quicker and more informed decisions regarding grid management strategies, infrastructure investments, and policy interventions. Also, this research contributes to advancing the field of grid optimization by offering a simple equation that enhances our ability and haste to assess and mitigate technical losses in the context of an evolving energy landscape characterized by increasing DER adoption.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Renewable Energy: 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
The Impact of Vehicle Technology, Size Class, and Driving Style on the GHG and Pollutant Emissions of Passenger Cars
by
Martin Opetnik, Stefan Hausberger, Claus Uwe Matzer, Silke Lipp, Lukas Landl, Konstantin Weller and Miriam Elser
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2052; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092052 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Although technical improvements to engines and aftertreatment systems have the greatest impact on pollutant emissions, there is also potential for reducing emissions through driver behavior. This potential can be realized in the very short term, while better emission-control technologies only take effect once
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Although technical improvements to engines and aftertreatment systems have the greatest impact on pollutant emissions, there is also potential for reducing emissions through driver behavior. This potential can be realized in the very short term, while better emission-control technologies only take effect once they have penetrated the market. In addition to a change in driving style, the vehicle owner’s choice of vehicle technology and size class will also have an impact on the future emissions of the vehicle fleet. The effects of different driving styles, the tire choice, the vehicle size class, and propulsion technologies on energy consumption and tailpipe and non-exhaust emissions are analyzed in this paper for different traffic situations and start temperatures for cars with petrol and diesel combustion engines and for battery electric vehicles. The analysis is completed with the corresponding upstream emissions from fuel and electricity production. The analysis is based on a vehicle simulation using the Passenger car and Heavy-duty Emission Model (PHEM), which is based on a large database of vehicles created using measurements of real driving conditions. For the assessment of the driving style, a novel method was developed in an H2020 project, which reproduces a measured trip with a virtual eco-driver. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO2eq) increase with increasing vehicle size, but can be reduced by around 20% for conventional vehicles and 17% for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) through an environmentally conscious driving style. On average, BEVs have around 50% lower CO2eq emissions than conventional vehicles, if the emissions from vehicle production are also taken into account. On an average journey of 35 km, the cold start of modern diesel vehicles accounts for around half of the total NOx emissions, while the proportion of cold starts for petrol vehicles is around 25%. Tire and brake wear together generate a similar amount of PN23 emissions as the exhaust gases from new cars.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Energy Efficiency and Environmental Issues)
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Open AccessReview
Methods and Techniques Supporting Energy and Media Savings in Maintenance of Public Transport Buses—State of the Art and Recommendations
by
Andrzej Wieczorek, Kinga Stecuła and Wieslaw Wes Grebski
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2051; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092051 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
In the article, the authors discussed the topic of energy and media savings in a public transport company. The article is of a review nature, referring to 100 sources, including scientific papers, books, conference proceedings, and websites. In the first part, a detailed
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In the article, the authors discussed the topic of energy and media savings in a public transport company. The article is of a review nature, referring to 100 sources, including scientific papers, books, conference proceedings, and websites. In the first part, a detailed literature review on environmental protection problems in road transport and methods of solving them was conducted. Subsequently, the authors reviewed the literature content on maintenance as a pro-environmental activity in transport companies. The great accent was paid to the problem of saving energy and media in the maintenance of public transport buses. Based on the literature and knowledge, the authors proposed the possibilities of conducting a rational method of managing the operation and maintenance of buses from the point of view of environmental protection, based on the strategy of predictive bus maintenance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)
Open AccessArticle
CO2 Capture Cost Reduction Potential of the Coal-Fired Power Plants under High Penetration of Renewable Power in China
by
Song He and Yawen Zheng
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2050; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092050 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
With a significant share of renewable power generation integrated into the power supply, it is crucial to timely adjust the regulating peak load for coal-fired power plants equipped with CO2 capture to ensure the stable operation of the multi-energy supply system. In
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With a significant share of renewable power generation integrated into the power supply, it is crucial to timely adjust the regulating peak load for coal-fired power plants equipped with CO2 capture to ensure the stable operation of the multi-energy supply system. In this paper, the effects of varying boiler loads on the techno-economic performance of the retrofitted power plant were studied. Furthermore, the potential for reducing the cost of CO2 capture was investigated, and early opportunities for demonstration were discussed. Results showed that when the boiler load decreased from 100% turbine heat acceptance condition to 50% turbine heat acceptance condition, the cost of CO2 capture increased from 37.0 $/t CO2 to 57.0 $/t CO2, cost contribution of energy penalty and extra capital investment also increased from 20.6 $/t-CO2 to 25.7 $/t-CO2, and from 16.4 $/t-CO2 to 31.3 $/t-CO2, respectively. Furthermore, by improving separation efficiency from 0.15 to 0.5, a 25% to 30% reduction in CO2 capture cost can be achieved. The cost of CO2 capture could decrease by 42.2–50.5% when the cumulative capacity reaches 250 GW under the high investment learning rate scenario. According to the distribution of coal prices and renewable energy sources in China, the early demonstration projects of multi-energy supply systems should prioritize the northern region. The results of this work can provide informative references for making roadmaps and policies for CO2 emission reduction toward carbon neutrality.
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Open AccessArticle
Model-Based Algorithm for Flexible Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Participation in Primary Frequency Regulation
by
Loredana Cristaldi, Marco Faifer, Christian Laurano, Emil Petkovski, Ferdinanda Ponci, Igor Sowa and Sergio Toscani
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2049; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092049 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are commonly designed for maximum energy production. However, as their presence grows, revised grid regulations increasingly require these systems to partially adhere to the primary frequency regulation (PFR) by reducing their power production when the grid frequency exceeds the
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Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are commonly designed for maximum energy production. However, as their presence grows, revised grid regulations increasingly require these systems to partially adhere to the primary frequency regulation (PFR) by reducing their power production when the grid frequency exceeds the nominal value. Nevertheless, full participation in PFR of PV systems, without battery storage, would require operating with a dedicated active power reserve to be utilized in the event of underfrequency conditions. This paper presents a model-based (MB) flexible power point tracking (FPPT) algorithm for PV systems. Results of a microgrid simulation show that the proposed algorithm enables a PV system with a nominal power of 100 kW to maintain a 20 kW active power reserve under various irradiation and temperature conditions, with a relative error lower than 3%. Furthermore, a simulation of the PV system assisting in primary frequency regulation is presented. Thanks to the proposed strategy, when employing the algorithm, the frequency deviation is reduced both in the event of underfrequency and overfrequency conditions. By enabling operation with a constant active power reserve, as well as a quick adjustment of the produced active power, in the event of frequency imbalance, the proposed MB algorithm is an interesting candidate for achieving complete PFR capabilities of PV systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Experimental Study on a Photovoltaic Direct-Drive and Municipal Electricity-Coupled Electric Heating System for a Low-Energy Building in Changchun, China
by
Qi Zhao, Xiaoyue Liu, Shijie Gu, Jin Tao, Wende Wu, Shuang Ma and Hongwen Jin
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2048; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092048 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper takes a low-energy building in Changchun, China, as an object to test and study the characteristics of two heating modes, AC/DC (Alternative current/Direct current) switching and AC/DC synthesis, from the perspectives of temperature change, irradiation intensity, power generation, electricity consumption, etc.
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This paper takes a low-energy building in Changchun, China, as an object to test and study the characteristics of two heating modes, AC/DC (Alternative current/Direct current) switching and AC/DC synthesis, from the perspectives of temperature change, irradiation intensity, power generation, electricity consumption, etc. Firstly, the experimental research was conducted under two heating cable modes by establishing mathematical models and a test rig, and it was found that the photoelectric conversion efficiency on sunny, cloudy, and overcast days was 18%, 14.5%, and 12%, respectively. A simulation model was established by TRNSYS to run an ultra-low-energy building throughout the year. It was found that the highest and lowest monthly power generation occurred in February and July, respectively. The annual power generation of the system was 6614 kWh, and the heating season power generation was 3293.42 kWh. In the current research, the DC electricity consumption was slightly higher than the AC electricity consumption. Under conditions of similar radiation intensity and power generation, the indoor temperature of the AC/DC synthesis cable heating mode were 1.38% higher than the AC/DC switching heating able mode, and the electricity consumption were 10.9% and 4.76% higher, respectively, than those of the AC switching heating cable mode. This is of great significance for clean-energy heating, energy savings, and emissions reduction in northern China.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Building Energy and Environment, 2nd Volume)
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Modeling of Selected Parameters of Used Lubricating Oil Diluted with Diesel Oil Using the Characteristics of Fresh Lubricating Oil
by
Leszek Chybowski, Marcin Szczepanek, Robert Sztangierski and Piotr Brożek
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2047; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092047 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This article presents the verification of the hypothesis on using certain approximation curves in the evaluation of used lubricating oil. These curves are plotted for fresh lubricating oil to approximate the parameters of lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil. To confirm the hypothesis,
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This article presents the verification of the hypothesis on using certain approximation curves in the evaluation of used lubricating oil. These curves are plotted for fresh lubricating oil to approximate the parameters of lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil. To confirm the hypothesis, an experiment is conducted to determine the flash point, initial boiling point, density at 15 °C, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C, and viscosity index. The analysis covers fresh oil and used SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 oil taken from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, 4-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine that is located in the Marine Power Plant Laboratory of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Undiluted lubricating oils (both fresh and used) and mixtures of lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel is used to prepare the mixtures. The functions approximating the parameters for fresh oil are determined and adapted to describe the variation of the same parameters for the used lubricating oil. For each case, the coefficient of determination, the maximum relative error of the model fitting to the experimental results, and the root mean square error (RMSE) are determined. In the experiment, the variation in the parameters of the used lubricating oil remained the same as for fresh oil parameters. Thus, the research hypothesis is confirmed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engine: Research and Application—2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Performance Characteristics and Optimization of a Single-Stage Direct Air Capture Membrane System in Terms of Process Energy Intensity
by
Kamil Niesporek, Janusz Kotowicz, Oliwia Baszczeńska and Izabella Maj
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092046 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The increase in emissions and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere necessitates the implementation of direct carbon dioxide capture technologies. The article presents the characteristics of a single-stage membrane unit for the direct capture of carbon dioxide from the air. A membrane
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The increase in emissions and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere necessitates the implementation of direct carbon dioxide capture technologies. The article presents the characteristics of a single-stage membrane unit for the direct capture of carbon dioxide from the air. A membrane with a selectivity of and permeability is chosen as the reference variant. It is demonstrated that increasing the pressure difference in the system by reducing the pressure of the permeate stream results in an improvement of all analyzed parameters. Manipulating both the membrane surface and its CO2 permeability yields similar results. With an increase in permeability or membrane surface area, the proportion of CO2 in the retentate and permeate decreases, while the degree of carbon dioxide recovery increases. However, the energy intensity of the process is a complex issue due to the presence of a local minimum in the obtained characteristics. Therefore, a relationship between the constants of energy intensity values for the separation process on the surface area field and CO2 membrane permeability is presented. The minimum energy intensity of the process obtained is 22.5 . The CO2 content in the retentate for all analyses did not exceed 280 ppm.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Efficient Thermal Conversion of Carbon-Based Fuels)
Open AccessArticle
Facile Composition of CoNi and Graphene as a Free-Standing Cathode for a High-Performance Solid-State Zinc–Air Battery
by
Jian Hu, Yuan Liu, Tian Han, Lei Xu and Ningkang Sun
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2045; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092045 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The development of solid-state zinc–air batteries (SZABs) has stimulated significant interest. However, the practical use of SZABs still encounters difficulties due to the complicated preparation process and low-performance air cathode. In this study, we developed a free-standing CoNi/graphene composite cathode without current collectors
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The development of solid-state zinc–air batteries (SZABs) has stimulated significant interest. However, the practical use of SZABs still encounters difficulties due to the complicated preparation process and low-performance air cathode. In this study, we developed a free-standing CoNi/graphene composite cathode without current collectors and binders. The simplified cathode structure decreased the preparation process, and the self-assembled conductive matrix increased charge transfer, which holds promise for facile preparation and high-performance SZABs. Specifically, a free-standing CoNi/graphene film was fabricated by a simple composition method. The CoNi/graphene electrocatalyst exhibited comparable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity to that of Pt/C. Furthermore, the CoNi/graphene film could be directly used as a cathode, which showed an open-circuit voltage of 1.41 V and a power density of 210 mW cm−2 in alkaline liquid ZABs, as well as an open-circuit voltage of 1.43 V and a power density of 40 mW cm−2 in alkaline SZABs. This facile preparation and excellent performance offer substantial potential for practical SZAB applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D2: Electrochem: Batteries, Fuel Cells, Capacitors)
Open AccessArticle
Influencing Factors and Mechanisms of Corporate Social Responsibility Reputation under Green and Low-Carbon Transition: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies
by
Shuke Fu, Mengxia Tian, Yingchen Ge, Tingting Yao and Jiali Tian
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092044 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Amid China’s pursuit of a green and low-carbon transition, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is facing new challenges. Our research delves into the influencing factors and mechanisms for CSR reputation under green and low-carbon transition and provides practical enlightenment for enterprises to achieve sustainable
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Amid China’s pursuit of a green and low-carbon transition, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is facing new challenges. Our research delves into the influencing factors and mechanisms for CSR reputation under green and low-carbon transition and provides practical enlightenment for enterprises to achieve sustainable development. This paper constructs a comprehensive index system of CSR from five dimensions (innovation, coordination, sustainability, openness, and sharing), and CSR reputation of China’s A-share listed companies is comprehensively estimated by using an entropy method and data from 2013 to 2021. Then, from the perspective of external supervision and internal governance, we discuss the influence factors of CSR reputation, with an emphasis on the impact of public environmental concerns. Finally, the realization mechanism of CSR is further revealed. It is found that public environmental concern and the expansion of the enterprise scale boost the enhancement of CSR reputation. However, a higher proportion of female managers tends to hinder CSR reputation. Furthermore, public environmental concern plays a more prominent role in improving CSR reputation of non-state-owned and eastern enterprises. Additionally, public environmental concern significantly enhances CSR reputation through green technology innovation and executive environmental awareness. This research provides valuable insights for improving CSR reputation and optimizing regulatory compliance and governance practices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Chain, Supply Chain and Value Chain in the Energy Industry: Impacts and Challenges in the Green and Low-Carbon Transition)
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Open AccessArticle
Not All about the Money: The Role of Financial Information in Promoting Residential Rooftop Photovoltaics
by
David Boaz, Ruslana Rachel Palatnik and Ofira Ayalon
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092043 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the role of financial information in shaping the intention to adopt (ITA) Residential Rooftop Photovoltaic (RPV) systems in Israel—a country with a surprisingly low RPV adoption rate given the high solar irradiance, and significant governmental support for RPV. We used
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This study investigates the role of financial information in shaping the intention to adopt (ITA) Residential Rooftop Photovoltaic (RPV) systems in Israel—a country with a surprisingly low RPV adoption rate given the high solar irradiance, and significant governmental support for RPV. We used an online survey of 899 respondents to examine how different presentations of RPV revenues impact both RPV deal comprehension and ITA. Our results align with existing literature on the roles of early technology adopters and pro-environmental characteristics while introducing two novel findings. First, households value their roofs—especially flat ones used for leisure. This negatively impacts ITA. Second, we found a positive correlation between trust in government entities and ITA, underscoring the importance of trust in institutions. Although financial information does enhance RPV deal comprehension, it does not significantly influence ITA. This study concludes that RPV penetration should not be promoted solely by financial incentives, but also by other motivations like environmental concerns, novelty seeking, and improved institutional trust.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy Sources towards a Zero-Emission Economy)
Open AccessArticle
Low-Friction and -Knocking Diesel Engine Cylindrical-Tapered Bore Profile Design
by
Junhong Zhang, Ning Wang, Jian Wang, Hui Wang, Xueling Zhang, Huwei Dai and Jiewei Lin
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2042; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092042 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
To reduce the friction loss and the piston-knocking noise from the perspective of the design of the cylinder bore profile, the piston-ring cylinder bore (PRCB) dynamic model of an L6 diesel engine was developed using AVL-Excite-Piston & Rings. Based on the full-scale test
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To reduce the friction loss and the piston-knocking noise from the perspective of the design of the cylinder bore profile, the piston-ring cylinder bore (PRCB) dynamic model of an L6 diesel engine was developed using AVL-Excite-Piston & Rings. Based on the full-scale test method, the effects of bore taper, starting height of tapered profile, and ellipticity on the friction power and knocking energy of the PRCB system were investigated, and the optimization of the design of the bore profile was carried out with the objectives of minimizing the system’s friction power and the peak knocking kinetic energy. The results showed that the taper of the cylinder bore has the greatest influence on the system’s friction power and the peak knocking kinetic energy, followed by the starting height of the conical profile. For the peak knocking kinetic energy of the piston, there was an obvious interaction between the taper and the starting height of the conical profile. When the taper was 35 μm and 45 μm, the peak knocking kinetic energy showed a decreasing and then increasing trend with the increase in the starting height of the profile, and when the taper was 55 μm the peak knocking kinetic energy monotonically was decreased with the increase in the starting height of the conical profile. The optimization results showed that the system’s friction power was decreased by 15.05% and the peak knocking kinetic energy was decreased by 21.41% for a taper degree of 55 μm, a tapered profile starting height of 31 mm, and an ellipticity of 50 μm compared to the initial cylindrical cylinder bore.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Zero Carbon Vehicles and Power Generation)
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Open AccessArticle
Demand Time Series Prediction of Stacked Long Short-Term Memory Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Based on Fused Attention Mechanism
by
Chengyu Yang, Han Zhou, Ximing Chen and Jiejun Huang
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092041 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The layout and configuration of urban infrastructure are essential for the orderly operation and healthy development of cities. With the promotion and popularization of new energy vehicles, the modeling and prediction of charging pile usage and allocation have garnered significant attention from governments
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The layout and configuration of urban infrastructure are essential for the orderly operation and healthy development of cities. With the promotion and popularization of new energy vehicles, the modeling and prediction of charging pile usage and allocation have garnered significant attention from governments and enterprises. Short-term demand forecasting for charging piles is crucial for their efficient operation. However, existing prediction models lack a discussion on the appropriate time window, resulting in limitations in station-level predictions. Recognizing the temporal nature of charging pile occupancy, this paper proposes a novel stacked-LSTM model called attention-SLSTM that integrates an attention mechanism to predict the charging demand of electric vehicles at the station level over the next few hours. To evaluate its performance, this paper compares it with several methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the attention-SLSTM model outperforms both LSTM and stacked-LSTM models. Deep learning methods generally outperform traditional time series forecasting methods. In the test set, MAE is 1.6860, RMSE is 2.5040, and MAPE is 9.7680%. Compared to the stacked-LSTM model, MAE and RMSE are reduced by 4.7%and 5%, respectively; while MAPE value decreases by 1.3%, making it superior to LSTM overall. Furthermore, subsequent experiments compare prediction performance among different charging stations, which confirms that the attention-SLSTM model exhibits excellent predictive capabilities within a six-step (2 h) window.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Electric Vehicles Energy Management, 2nd Volume)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
An Improved Analytical Thermal Rating Method for Cable Joints
by
Fawu He, Yue Xie, Pengyu Wang, Zhiheng Wu, Shuzhen Bao, Wei Wang, Xiaofeng Xu, Xiaokai Meng and Gang Liu
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092040 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
To improve the utilization rate of cable lines while retaining sufficient security, the accurate thermal assessment of cable is significant for cable operation condition evaluation. The thermal rating for a cable joint, which is regarded as a hot spot of cable lines, is
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To improve the utilization rate of cable lines while retaining sufficient security, the accurate thermal assessment of cable is significant for cable operation condition evaluation. The thermal rating for a cable joint, which is regarded as a hot spot of cable lines, is not covered by the scope of IEC 60287. While the existing publications for cable joint thermal evaluation also have some limitations. In this paper, the quasi-three-dimensional thermal model of the cable joint was established and the iterative solution method for the model is presented. Based on the model, an improved thermal rating method for the cable joint was proposed, which was implemented with monitored surface temperature and load data. The improved method was verified by the finite element method and the results showed an error of less than 5%. The superiority of the improved method was conducted by the comparison between the previously published method and the improved method. The improved method showed a better accuracy than the previously published method. The proposed method in this paper can be complementary to the IEC method, and is easy to use for the operating evaluation of cable joints in the field with the on-line condition monitoring technology.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Engineering, High Voltage and Insulation Technology)
Open AccessReview
The Future Design of Smart Energy Systems with Energy Flexumers: A Constructive Literature Review
by
Jin-Li Hu and Nhi Ha Bao Bui
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2039; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092039 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
From powering our homes to driving our economies, energy lies at the heart of humanity’s complex challenges in the modern era. This paper reviews the evolution of smart energy systems, examining their technological advancements and societal implications while proposing a future design framework
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From powering our homes to driving our economies, energy lies at the heart of humanity’s complex challenges in the modern era. This paper reviews the evolution of smart energy systems, examining their technological advancements and societal implications while proposing a future design framework emphasizing four key pillars: holistic resource optimization, adaptive intelligence, environmental harmony, and human-centered design. While they offer numerous benefits, such as enhanced energy efficiency and reduced carbon emissions, smart energy systems also face challenges. These include cybersecurity risks, the complexity of integrating diverse energy sources seamlessly, high upfront costs, and potential compatibility issues arising from evolving technologies. Overcoming these challenges will be crucial for unleashing the full potential of smart energy systems and facilitating their global adoption. Abundant opportunities for further research and development exist in this domain, awaiting exploration and advancement.
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(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)
Open AccessArticle
Dynamic Decoupling Method Based on Motor Dynamic Compensation with Application for Precision Mechatronic Systems
by
Kaixin Liu, Yang Liu, Fazhi Song and Jiubin Tan
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092038 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Motors are widely employed in mechatronic systems, especially in precision multiple degrees of freedom motion systems. In most applications, the dynamic equation between the motor instruction and the actual driving force is simplified as a constant. Subsequently, the static decoupling method can be
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Motors are widely employed in mechatronic systems, especially in precision multiple degrees of freedom motion systems. In most applications, the dynamic equation between the motor instruction and the actual driving force is simplified as a constant. Subsequently, the static decoupling method can be utilized to design the feedback controller. However, in high-precision mechatronic systems, motor dynamics cannot be neglected, and the static decoupling performance is compromised due to discrepancies between motors. In this paper, a dynamic decoupling method is developed to improve the decoupling performance of the multiple-input multiple-output systems. The effects of transmission delays, motor dynamics, and discrepancies between different motors are taken into consideration in the dynamic decoupling method. Furthermore, a data-driven optimization method is developed to estimate the parameters of the dynamic decoupling controller. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are demonstrated through numerical simulations. The experimental results show that the dynamic decoupling control method can achieve a performance improvement at least compared to the static decoupling control method.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linear/Planar Motors and Other Special Motors)
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Open AccessArticle
Integration of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy in Indonesia’s Electrical Grid
by
Ahmad Amiruddin, Roger Dargaville, Ariel Liebman and Ross Gawler
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092037 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
As the global transition toward sustainable energy gains momentum, integrating electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage, and renewable energy sources has become a pivotal strategy. This paper analyses the interplay between EVs, energy storage, and renewable energy integration with Indonesia’s grid as a test
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As the global transition toward sustainable energy gains momentum, integrating electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage, and renewable energy sources has become a pivotal strategy. This paper analyses the interplay between EVs, energy storage, and renewable energy integration with Indonesia’s grid as a test case. A comprehensive energy system modeling approach using PLEXOS is presented, using historical data on electricity generation, hourly demand, and renewable energy, and multiple scenarios of charging patterns and EV adoption. Through a series of scenarios, we evaluate the impact of different charging strategies and EV penetration levels on generation capacity, battery storage requirements, total system cost, renewable energy penetration, and emissions reduction. The findings reveal that optimized charging patterns and higher EV adoption rates, compared to no EVs adoption, led to substantial improvements in renewable energy utilization (+4%), emissions reduction (−12.8%), and overall system cost (−9%). While EVs contribute to reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles, non-optimized charging behavior may lead to higher total emissions when compared to scenarios without EVs. The research also found the potential of vehicle to grid (V2G) to reduce the need for battery storage compared to zero EV (−84%), to reduce emissions significantly (−23.7%), and boost penetration of renewable energy (+10%). This research offers valuable insights for policymakers, energy planners, and stakeholders seeking to leverage the synergies between EVs and renewable energy integration to pursue a sustainable energy future for Indonesia.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage Solutions to Air Pollution and Global Warming)
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